Pitfalls

"Freezing and thawing" does not work for some processes. The CRIU developers offer a short list of officially supported software [6]; it includes programs such as Make. GCC, Tar, Git, Apache, MySQL, SSH, and MongoDB. You can never freeze processes that are accessing a hardware device – whether block or character – for two reasons: The precise functions of the device are hidden from CRIU, and when restoring a process, the device could be missing.

Because CRIU uses the same interfaces as a debugger, the tool cannot freeze any processes that are already being monitored by Strace or GDB.Also, CRIU does not back up processes that hold file locks, because CRIU cannot determine whether another process is allowed access to the file in question. However, the optional --file-locks parameter forces CRIU to back up the lock, too. Furthermore, version 1.1 of CRIU cannot cope with the Btrfs filesystem, although the developers are working on a solution.

Additionally, some values can change after restoring a process, including the IDs of mountpoints, sockets, and the process start time; cat /proc/1234/stat (e.g., for a process with an ID of 1234 in field 22) unveils the start time.

On the Network

CRIU freezes programs that communicate over a TCP connection with the help of the Linux kernel. To do so, it closes the socket and blocks the TCP connection with additional firewall rules. CRIU thus ensures that the connection remains in the same state when saved. Therefore, this firewall rule must still be in the Netfilter table when you restore the process.

To trigger the use of a TCP connection, you pass CRIU the --tcp-established parameter for the backup and restore. Such a process can only be frozen and restored exactly once. Any further attempt will fail, because the TCP connection then has a different state. The CRIU wiki describes the technical background in detail [7].

CRIU not only freezes the process, but for safety's sake, its child processes and any dependent processes, as well. If two programs talk through a pipe or a Unix socket, CRIU therefore needs to freeze both simultaneously.

In some situations, however, CRIU can only freeze one of the two processes; in this case, CRIU refuses to continue and outputs an external socket is used error message. Using the --ext-unix-sk parameter for the backup and restore, you can still persuade CRIU at least to back up a process. When restoring, however, you must then ensure that the remote site already exists.

Conclusions

CRIU provides extremely useful functionality, and many fixes have been made since the version used in this article [8], but caution is advised in production use. Extensive pretesting with the proposed setup is therefore an essential requirement. CRIU development is progressing at a rapid pace, and anyone who wants to freeze and migrate processes should keep CRIU in mind (see also the "Remote Control" box). Further information, including insight into CRIU techniques, is provided by the extensive wiki [5].

criu service --daemon -o logdatei.txt